Process for the production of polystyrene in an ionic liquid and novel polymers thereof

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates a polymer composite comprising a polystyrene or a polystyrene derivative comprising styrene or styrene derivative monomer units in which at least about 1% (mole fraction) of a phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid is incorporated into the structure of the polystyrene or polystyrene derivative, and processes for the production thereof.

PRIORITY INFORMATION

This application is a national phase entry of PCT/CA2010/000436, filed Mar. 24, 2010, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/162,828 filed Mar. 24, 2009, each of these applications being incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.

This application claims the benefit of 35 USC 119 based on the priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/162,828, filed Mar. 24, 2009, this application being incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates to a polymer composite comprising a polystyrene or a polystyrene derivative comprising styrene monomer units in which at least about 1% (mole fraction) of a phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid is incorporated into the structure of the polystyrene or polystyrene derivative, and processes for the production thereof.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

Ionic liquids are relatively new “green” solvents and generally possess high thermal stabilities and low vapor pressures. Further, ionic liquids are also slightly miscible in water and have a wide liquid range as a result of the wide range of cations and anions that can be combined to form the ionic liquid. Generally, ionic liquids possess a bulky organic cation and an associated anion, as shown for example, in Scheme 1.

Recently, imidazolium based ionic liquids were used to replace conventional organic solvents in free radical polymerizations.¹⁻⁷ In addition, research has been conducted at the interface of the three different fields of free radical chemistry [8, 9], photochemical reactions [10] and ionic liquids [11, 12].

The styrene monomer (SM) is the immediate precursor for all forms of polystyrene (PS). The polymerization reaction is represented in Scheme 2, which is typically a free radical propagation.

Polystyrene is a common polymer found in a wide range of products, from disposable cutlery to Styrofoam-brand packing material. The polystyrene industry is worth more than $28 billion in the U.S. alone. Generally, this process is carried out on an industrial scale using volatile organic solvents, which are harmful to the environment.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

The production of polystyrene has been successfully performed in an ionic liquid with conversion yields of the styrene monomer units to polystyrene of up to, and including, 100% efficiency. Further, the polymerization of polystyrene from the styrene monomer units is performed at pressures at or near atmospheric pressure (1 atm). The disclosure also relates to new polystyrene and polystyrene derivative composites produced from styrene monomer units and ionic liquids.

Accordingly, the present disclosure includes a polymer composite comprising a polystyrene or a polystyrene derivative in which at least about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20% or about 25% (mole fraction) of a phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid is incorporated into the structure of the polystyrene or polystyrene derivative.

In another embodiment, the polystyrene or a polystyrene derivative is prepared from at least one styrene monomer unit that is a compound of the formula (I)

wherein each R is simultaneously or independently H, halo or C₁₋₄alkyl, the latter group being optionally substituted by halo, C₁₋₂alkyl or fluoro-substituted C₁₋₂alkyl. In a further embodiment, each R is simultaneously or independently H, methyl or ethyl. In another embodiment, each R is H.

In another embodiment, the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid has the structure:

wherein each R′ is independently or simultaneously C₁₋₂₀alkyl and X is any suitable anionic ligand. In another embodiment, each R′ is independently or simultaneously methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl or hexadecyl.

In another embodiment, X is chloride, bromide, decanoate, (bis 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate, dicyanamide, tosylate, methylsulfate, bistriflamide, hexafluorophosphate, tetrafluoroborate, diethylphosphate or dedecylsulfonate.

In another embodiment, the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid is tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium chloride, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium bromide, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium decanoate, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium(bis 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium dicyanamide, triisobutyl(methyl)phosphonium tosylate, tributyl(methyl)phosphonium methylsulfate, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium bistriflamide, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium tetrafluoroborate, tributyl(hexadecyl)phosphonium bromide, tetrabutylphosphonium bromide, tetrabutylphosphonium chloride, tetraoctylphosphonium bromide, tetradecyl(tributyl)phosphonium chloride, ethyltri(butyl)phosphonium diethylphosphate, tetradecyl(tributyl)phosphonium dodecylsulfonate or tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium dodecylsulfonate.

In a further embodiment, the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid is selected from

In another embodiment, the polymer composite comprising a polystyrene or a polystyrene derivative and the phosphonium ion salt, further comprises a metal dopant. In another embodiment, the metal dopant is a magnetic metal, such as copper, iron. In another embodiment, the metal dopant comprises gold nanoparticles.

In another embodiment, the present disclosure also includes a process for the production of polystyrene or a polystyrene derivative, comprising polymerizing styrene or styrene derivative monomer units in a phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid in the presence of a free radical initiator at a pressure of about 0.8 to about 1.2 atmospheres, under conditions for the polymerization of the styrene monomer units, in which the phosphonium ion salt is incorporated into the polystyrene or a polystyrene derivative.

In another embodiment, at feast about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20% or about 25% (mole fraction) of a phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid is incorporated into the structure of the polystyrene or polystyrene derivative.

In another embodiment, the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid has the structure:

wherein each R′ is independently or simultaneously C₁₋₂₀alkyl and X is any suitable anionic ligand. In another embodiment, each R′ is independently or simultaneously methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl or hexadecyl.

In another embodiment, X is chloride, bromide, decanoate, (bis 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate, dicyanamide, tosylate, methylsulfate, bistriflamide, hexafluorophosphate, tetrafluoroborate, diethylphosphate or dedecylsulfonate.

In another embodiment, the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid is tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium chloride, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium bromide, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium decanoate, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium(bis 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium dicyanamide, triisobutyl(methyl)phosphonium tosylate, tributyl(methyl)phosphonium methylsulfate, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium bistriflamide, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium tetrafluoroborate, tributyl(hexadecyl)phosphonium bromide, tetrabutylphosphonium bromide, tetrabutylphosphonium chloride, tetraoctylphosphonium bromide, tetradecyl(tributyl)phosphonium chloride, ethyltri(butyl)phosphonium diethylphosphate, tetradecyl(tributyl)phosphonium dodecylsulfonate or tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium dodecylsulfonate.

In another embodiment, the phosphonium ion salt is selected from

In an embodiment of the disclosure, the styrene or styrene derivative monomer unit is a compound of the formula (I)

wherein each R is simultaneously or independently H, halo or C₁₋₄alkyl, the latter group being optionally substituted by halo, C₁₋₂alkyl or fluoro-substituted C₁₋₂alkyl. In a further embodiment, each R is simultaneously or independently H, methyl or ethyl. In another embodiment, each R is H.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, the free radical initiator is selected from benzoyl peroxide, hydrogen peroxide and azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). In another embodiment, the free radical initiator is present in an amount of about 0.05% to about 3% (v/v). In a further embodiment, the free radical initiator is present in an amount of about 0.1% to about 2% (v/v).

In a further embodiment of the present disclosure, the polymerization is performed at a pressure of about 0.9 to about 1.1 atmospheres. In another embodiment, the polymerization is performed at a pressure of about 1.0 atmosphere. In another embodiment, the polymerization is performed at about atmospheric pressure.

In an embodiment, the conditions for the polymerization of the styrene or styrene derivative monomer units comprise a temperature of about 10° C. to about 100° C. In a further embodiment, the conditions for the polymerization of the styrene or styrene derivative monomer units comprise a temperature of about 25° C. to about 80° C. In another embodiment, the conditions for the polymerization of the styrene or styrene derivative monomer units comprise a temperature of about 25° C.

In a further embodiment of the present disclosure, the conditions for the polymerization of the styrene or styrene derivative monomer units comprise a mole fraction ratio of the styrene monomer units to the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid of about 0.10:1.0 to about 2.0:1.0 (styrene monomer units:ionic liquid). In a further embodiment of the present disclosure, the conditions for the polymerization of the styrene or styrene derivative monomer units comprise a mole fraction ratio of the styrene or styrene derivative monomer units to the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid of about 0.10:1.0 to about 1.0:1.0 (styrene or styrene derivative monomer units:ionic liquid). In another embodiment, the conditions for the polymerization of the styrene or styrene derivative monomer units comprise a mole fraction ratio of the styrene or styrene derivative monomer units to the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid of about 0.11:1.0 to about 0.33:1.0 (styrene or styrene derivative monomer units:ionic liquid).

In an embodiment of the disclosure, the conditions for the polymerization of the styrene or styrene derivative monomer units comprise microwave energy.

In another embodiment, the conditions for the polymerization of the styrene or styrene derivative monomer units comprise ultraviolet light.

In another embodiment, the polystyrene or a polystyrene derivative precipitates from the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid leaving unreacted styrene or styrene derivative monomer units and ionic liquid, wherein the unreacted styrene or styrene derivative monomer units and ionic liquid are further reacted using the process of the disclosure. In another embodiment, the total yield of the polystyrene or polystyrene derivative is at least 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, at least about 99.9%, or 100%. In the case of 100% yield, there is no need for separation of the starting materials, as all of the reactants are consumed.

In another embodiment, the present disclosure also includes a process for the production of polystyrene or a polystyrene derivative, comprising polymerizing styrene or styrene derivative monomer units in a phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid in the presence of a free radical initiator, under conditions for the polymerization of the styrene or styrene derivative monomer units, in which the phosphonium ion salt is incorporated into the polystyrene or the polystyrene derivative.

In another embodiment, at least about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20% or about 25% (mole fraction) of a phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid is incorporated into the structure of the polystyrene or polystyrene derivative.

In another embodiment, the phosphonium ion salt has the structure:

wherein each R′ is independently or simultaneously C₁₋₂₀alkyl and X is any suitable anionic ligand. In another embodiment, each R′ is independently or simultaneously methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl or hexadecyl.

In another embodiment, X is chloride, bromide, decanoate, (bis 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate, dicyanamide, tosylate, methylsulfate, bistriflamide, hexafluorophosphate, tetrafluoroborate, diethylphosphate or dedecylsulfonate.

In another embodiment, the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid is tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium chloride, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium bromide, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium decanoate, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium(bis 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium dicyanamide, triisobutyl(methyl)phosphonium tosylate, tributyl(methyl)phosphonium methylsulfate, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium bistriflamide, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium tetrafluoroborate, tributyl(hexadecyl)phosphonium bromide, tetrabutylphosphonium bromide, tetrabutylphosphonium chloride, tetraoctylphosphonium bromide, tetradecyl(tributyl)phosphonium chloride, ethyltri(butyl)phosphonium diethylphosphate, tetradecyl(tributyl)phosphonium dodecylsulfonate or tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium dodecylsulfonate.

In another embodiment, wherein the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid is selected from

In an embodiment of the disclosure, the styrene or styrene derivative monomer unit is a compound of the formula (I)

wherein each R is simultaneously or independently H, halo or C₁₋₄alkyl, the latter group being optionally substituted by halo, C₁₋₂alkyl or fluoro-substituted C₁₋₂alkyl. In a further embodiment, each R is simultaneously or independently H, methyl or ethyl. In another embodiment, each R is H.

Other features and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and the specific examples while indicating preferred embodiments of the disclosure are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the disclosure will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to the following drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is an ¹H NMR spectrum of a polystyrene polymer (A1) produced in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 2 is a ³¹P NMR spectrum of a polystyrene polymer (A1) produced in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 3 is a ¹³C NMR spectrum of a polystyrene polymer (A1) produced in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 is an ¹H NMR spectrum of a polystyrene polymer (A2) produced in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 5 is a ¹³C NMR spectrum of a polystyrene polymer (A2) produced in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 6 is a ³¹P NMR spectrum of a polystyrene polymer (A2) produced in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 7 is a ³¹P NMR spectrum of a polystyrene polymer (A3) produced in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 8 is an ¹H NMR spectrum of a polystyrene polymer (A3) produced in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 9 is an ¹H NMR spectrum of a polystyrene polymer (D1) produced in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 10 is a ¹³C NMR spectrum of a polystyrene polymer (D1) produced in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 11 is a ³¹P NMR spectrum of a polystyrene polymer (D1) produced in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 12 is a scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a polystyrene polymer (D1) produced in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 13 is an X-ray fluorescence graph of the light portions of the SEM of FIG. 12 of a polystyrene polymer (D1) produced in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 14 is an X-ray fluorescence graph of the dark portions of the SEM of FIG. 12 of a polystyrene polymer (D1) produced in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure;

FIG. 15 is an ¹H NMR spectrum of a polystyrene polymer (D2) produced in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 16 is a ¹³C NMR spectrum of a polystyrene polymer (D2) produced in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 17 is a ³¹P NMR spectrum of a polystyrene polymer (D2) produced in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 18 is an ¹H NMR spectrum of a polystyrene polymer (E3) produced in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 19 is a ¹³C NMR spectrum of a polystyrene polymer (E3) produced in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 20 is a ³¹P NMR spectrum of a polystyrene polymer (E3) produced in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 21 is an ¹H NMR spectrum of a polystyrene polymer (C2) produced in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 22 is a ¹³C NMR spectrum of a polystyrene polymer (C2) produced in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 23 is a ³¹P NMR spectrum of a polystyrene polymer (C2) produced in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 24 is an ¹H NMR spectrum of a polystyrene polymer (M1) produced in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 25 is a ¹³C NMR spectrum of a polystyrene polymer (M1) produced in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 26 is a ³¹P NMR spectrum of a polystyrene polymer (M1) produced in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 27 is a ¹H NMR spectrum of a polystyrene polymer (G1) produced in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 28 is a ³¹P-NMR spectrum of a polystyrene polymer (G1) produced in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure; and

FIG. 29 is a ³¹P-NMR spectrum of a polystyrene polymer (A4) produced in accordance with an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 30 is a schematic representation of a polymer composite in an embodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE (I) Definitions

The term “C_(1-n)alkyl” as used herein means straight and/or branched chain, saturated alkyl radicals containing from one to “n” carbon atoms and includes (depending on the identity of n) methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, s-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl and the like, where the variable n is an integer representing the largest number of carbon atoms in the alkyl radical.

The term “halo” as used herein means halogen and includes chloro, fluoro, bromo and iodo.

The term “fluoro-substituted C₁₋₂alkyl” as used herein that at least one (including all) of the hydrogens on the referenced group is replaced with fluorine.

The term “styrene monomer units” as used herein means individual monomer units which undergo free radical polymerization to form polystyrene or a polystyrene derivative. In an embodiment, the styrene monomer unit is unsubstituted styrene which polymerizes to form polystyrene. In another embodiment, the styrene monomer unit is substituted in which case, polystyrene derivatives are formed during the polymerization reaction.

The term “phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid” or “phosphonium ion salt” as used herein can be used interchangeably and refer to ionic phosphonium compound which is a liquid at a temperature of less than about 100° C., containing a phosphonium cation and any suitable associated anion. Examples of phosphonium cations include, but are not limited to, trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium, while examples of anions include, but are not limited to halide anions (such as chloride), hexafluorophosphate (PF₆)⁻, dicyanamide or bis-2,4,4-(trimethylpentyl)phosphinate.

The term “free radical initiator” as used herein means any compound which is able to promote a free radical polymerization of a styrene monomer unit. Accordingly, a free radical initiator possesses a labile bond which generates free radicals when the bond is broken. The free radicals generated by the free radical initiator then promote the free radical polymerization of the styrene monomer units. Examples of free radical initiators include hydrogen peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, azobisisobutyronitrile and the like.

The term “conditions for the polymerization of styrene monomer units” as used herein means any physical or chemical condition in which the polymerization of the styrene monomer units proceeds. In an embodiment, the conditions for the polymerization of the styrene monomer units promote the polymerization reaction. For example, conditions which promote the polymerization of the styrene monomer units include heating the reaction mixture, exposing the reaction mixture to microwave or ultraviolet energy, stirring the reaction mixture, or allowing the polymerization reaction to proceed for a longer period of time than normal to bring the reaction to, or near, completion.

The term “incorporated into” as used herein refers to the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid being entrained within the polystyrene or polystyrene derivative to form a polystyrene polymer composite. In an embodiment, at least about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20% or about 25% (mole fraction) of the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid is incorporated (or entrained) into the structure of the polystyrene or polystyrene derivative during the free radical propagation mechanism.

The term “polystyrene derivative” or “styrene derivative” as used herein refers to derivatives and analogs of the vinylbenzene (styrene). Accordingly, in an embodiment, a styrene derivative is any compound in which the phenyl ring and the vinyl moieties of the styrene molecule possess other groups such as, but not limited to, halo or C₁₋₄alkyl.

In understanding the scope of the present disclosure, the term “comprising” and its derivatives, as used herein, are intended to be open ended terms that specify the presence of the stated features, elements, components, groups, integers, and/or steps, but do not exclude the presence of other unstated features, elements, components, groups, integers and/or steps. The foregoing also applies to words having similar meanings such as the terms, “including”, “having” and their derivatives. Finally, terms of degree such as “substantially”, “about” and “approximately” as used herein mean a reasonable amount of deviation of the modified term such that the end result is not significantly changed. These terms of degree should be construed as including a deviation of at least ±5% of the modified term if this deviation would not negate the meaning of the word it modifies.

(II) Processes of the Disclosure

The production of polystyrene and polystyrene derivatives is generally performed in volatile organic solvents. Such solvents pose an environmental issue due to their high volatility. The production of polystyrene and polystyrene derivatives in phosphonium ion salt ionic liquids obviates the need for organic solvents. In addition, the polymerization process of the present disclosure proceeds with up to, and including, 100% efficiency, with incorporation of the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquids into the polymer structure, minimizing the by-products of the process.

Accordingly, the present disclosure relates to a process for the production of polystyrene or a polystyrene derivative from styrene or styrene derivative monomer units in an ionic liquid at pressures at or near atmospheric pressure (1 atm). Further, the process of the present disclosure converts the styrene monomer units to polystyrene with efficiencies of up to, and including, 100%.

Accordingly, the present disclosure includes a process for the production of polystyrene or a polystyrene derivative, comprising polymerizing styrene or styrene derivative monomer units in a phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid in the presence of a free radical initiator at a pressure of about 0.8 to about 1.2 atmospheres, under conditions for the polymerization of styrene or styrene derivative, wherein at least about 1% (mole fraction) of the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid is incorporated into the polystyrene or polystyrene derivative.

In another embodiment, at least about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20% or about 25% (mole fraction) of the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid is incorporated into the structure of the polystyrene or polystyrene derivative.

In another embodiment, the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid has the structure:

wherein each R′ is independently or simultaneously C₁₋₂₀alkyl and X is any suitable anionic ligand. In another embodiment, each R′ is independently or simultaneously methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl or hexadecyl.

In another embodiment, X is chloride, bromide, decanoate, (bis trimethylpentyl)phosphinate, dicyanamide, tosylate, methylsulfate, bistriflamide, hexafluorophosphate, tetrafluoroborate, diethylphosphate or dedecylsulfonate.

In another embodiment, the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid is tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium chloride, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium bromide, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium decanoate, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium(bis 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium dicyanamide, triisobutyl(methyl)phosphonium tosylate, tributyl(methyl)phosphonium methylsulfate, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium bistriflamide, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium tetrafluoroborate, tributyl(hexadecyl)phosphonium bromide, tetrabutylphosphonium bromide, tetrabutylphosphonium chloride, tetraoctylphosphonium bromide, tetradecyl(tributyl)phosphonium chloride, ethyltri(butyl)phosphonium diethylphosphate, tetradecyl(tributyl)phosphonium dodecylsulfonate or tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium dodecylsulfonate.

In another embodiment, the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid is selected from

In an embodiment of the disclosure, the styrene or styrene derivative monomer unit is a compound of the formula (I)

wherein each R is simultaneously or independently H, halo or C₁₋₄alkyl, the latter group being optionally substituted by halo, C₁₋₂alkyl or fluoro-substituted C₁₋₂alkyl. In a further embodiment, each R is simultaneously or independently H, methyl or ethyl. In another embodiment, each R is H.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, the free radical initiator is selected from benzoyl peroxide, hydrogen peroxide and azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). In another embodiment, the free radical initiator is present in an amount of about 0.05% to about 3% (v/v). In a further embodiment, the free radical initiator is present in an amount of about 0.1% to about 2% (v/v). In an embodiment of the disclosure, the rate of the polymerization reaction is increased when a free radical initiator is used in the reaction, as opposed to when no free radical initiator is added which slows the rate of the polymerization.

In a further embodiment of the present disclosure, the polymerization is performed at a pressure of about 0.9 to about 1.1 atmospheres. In another embodiment, the polymerization is performed at a pressure of about 1.0 atmosphere. In another embodiment, the polymerization is performed at about atmospheric pressure. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that atmospheric pressure changes with altitude. In another embodiment of the disclosure, the polymerization reaction is performed at a pressure, suitably about atmospheric pressure, which allows the reaction to be performed in an open system without the application of a vacuum.

In an embodiment, the polymerization processes of the present disclosure proceed through a free radical based propagation mechanism. It will be known to those skilled in the art that molecular oxygen (O₂), being a free radical, can terminate the propagation of the polymerization reaction. Accordingly, such polymerization reactions are often conducted under high vacuum to exclude oxygen, which adds time and expense. In another embodiment of the disclosure, due to the viscosity of phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid, molecular oxygen (O₂) cannot diffuse quickly through the ionic liquid, and therefore does not act as effectively as a chain terminator. Accordingly, in an embodiment, the processes of the present disclosure do not need to be performed under vacuum to exclude oxygen.

In an embodiment, the conditions for the polymerization of polystyrene comprise a temperature of about 10° C. to about 150° C. In a further embodiment, the conditions for the polymerization of polystyrene comprise a temperature of about 25° C. to about 80° C. In another embodiment, the conditions for the polymerization of polystyrene comprise a temperature of about 25° C. In an embodiment of the disclosure, the polymerization reaction proceeds with a faster rate of reaction as the temperature increases. Accordingly, the rate of the polymerization reaction is much faster at a temperature of 100° C. than at a temperature of 10° C. In another embodiment, when the polymerization reaction is performed at a higher temperature, such as at 100° C., the resulting polystyrene polymer is physically much harder than when the reaction is performed at a lower temperature, such as 10° C., which yields softer polymers. Accordingly, a person skilled in the art is able to manipulate the physical characteristics of the polystyrene polymer by performing the polymerization reaction at different temperatures.

In a further embodiment of the present disclosure, the conditions for the polymerization of styrene or styrene derivative monomer units comprise a mole fraction ratio of the styrene or styrene derivative monomer units to the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid of about 0.10:1.0 to about 2.0:1.0 (styrene or styrene derivative monomer units:ionic liquid). In a further embodiment of the present disclosure, the conditions for the polymerization of the styrene or styrene derivative monomer units comprise a mole fraction ratio of the styrene or styrene derivative monomer units to the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid of about 0.10:1.0 to about 1.0:1.0 (styrene or styrene derivative monomer units:ionic liquid). In another embodiment, the conditions for the polymerization of styrene or styrene derivative monomer units comprise a mole fraction ratio of the styrene or styrene derivative monomer units to the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid of about 0.11:1.0 to about 0.33:1.0 (styrene or styrene derivative monomer units:ionic liquid). In an embodiment of the disclosure, increasing the mole fraction ratio of the styrene or styrene derivative monomer units increases the rate of the polymerization reaction.

In another embodiment of the disclosure, water is added to the reaction mixture. In an embodiment, the addition of water to the reaction mixture results in a more evenly stirred and more evenly heated reaction mixture, and consequently, results in physically harder polystyrene polymers.

In an embodiment of the disclosure, the conditions for the polymerization of styrene or styrene derivative monomer units comprise microwave energy. In an embodiment, when the polymerization reaction mixture is exposed to microwave energy, the resultant polystyrene polymers are physically much harder than when microwave energy is not employed. Accordingly, a person skilled in the art is able to control the physical properties, in particular the hardness, of the polystyrene polymer by exposing the reaction mixture to microwave energy. Furthermore, by controlling the power of the microwave energy and the amount of time the reaction mixture is exposed to the microwave energy, a person skilled in the art is able to control the physical properties of the polystyrene polymer, in particular the hardness of the polymer. In another embodiment, when the reaction mixture is exposed to microwave energy, the resultant polystyrene or polystyrene derivatives possesses a brown color.

In another embodiment, the conditions for the polymerization of styrene or styrene derivative monomer units comprise ultraviolet light. In another embodiment, the ultraviolet light is derived from sunlight. In an embodiment of the disclosure, the rate of the polymerization reaction is increased upon exposing the reaction mixture to sunlight. Accordingly, in an embodiment, when the polymerization reaction is performed without the addition of heat (thermal energy), sunlight or ultraviolet light is used to promote the polymerization reaction.

In another embodiment of the disclosure, the polymerization reaction is performed in a vessel, in which the vessel is equipped with a stirrer, such as magnetic stirrer. In an embodiment, when the polymerization reaction proceeds with fast stirring, the rate of the polymerization is increased, and subsequently, yields physically harder polystyrene polymers, as opposed to slow stirring which yields softer polymers and a slower the polymerization reaction. Accordingly, a person skilled in the art is able to manipulate the physical characteristics of the polystyrene polymer by controlling the rate of stirring in the vessel in which the polymerization reaction is performed.

In another embodiment of the disclosure, the process proceeds by the precipitation out of the ionic liquid of the polystyrene or polystyrene derivative, as the polystyrene or polystyrene derivative composite is insoluble in the ionic liquid. Accordingly, liquid on top of the precipitated product is unreacted which can be subsequently decanted from the reactor and further reacted to form more product, with this process repeated until the starting materials are consumed. Accordingly, as the ionic liquid is incorporated into the polymeric structure of the polystyrene or polystyrene derivative, there is no waste by-product.

In another embodiment of the disclosure, the process proceeds with 100% efficiency of converting the styrene or styrene derivative monomer units into polystyrene or polystyrene derivative with no associated waste of materials, as the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid is incorporated into the polymer. Accordingly, in an embodiment of the disclosure, when the process proceeds with 100% efficiency, the phosphonium ion salt is absorbed into the structure of the polystyrene derivative, and consequently, the polymerization proceeds with no waste.

(III) Polymer Composites of the Disclosure

The present disclosure includes a polymer composite comprising a polystyrene or a polystyrene derivative in which at least about 1%, about 2%, about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20% or about 25% (mole fraction) of a phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid is incorporated into the structure of the polystyrene or polystyrene derivative.

In another embodiment, the styrene or styrene derivative monomer unit is a compound of the formula (I)

wherein each R is simultaneously or independently H, halo or C₁₋₂alkyl, the latter group being optionally substituted by halo, C₁₋₂alkyl or fluoro-substituted C₁₋₂alkyl. In a further embodiment, each R is simultaneously or independently H, methyl or ethyl. In another embodiment, each R is H.

In another embodiment, the phosphonium ion salt has the structure:

wherein each R′ is independently or simultaneously C₁₋₂₀alkyl and X is any suitable anionic ligand. In another embodiment, each R′ is independently or simultaneously methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl or hexadecyl.

In another embodiment, X is chloride, bromide, decanoate, (bis 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate, dicyanamide, tosylate, methylsulfate, bistriflamide, hexafluorophosphate, tetrafluoroborate, diethylphosphate or dedecylsulfonate.

In another embodiment, the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid is tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium chloride, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium bromide, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium decanoate, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium(bis 2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinate, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium dicyanamide, triisobutyl(methyl)phosphonium tosylate, tributyl(methyl)phosphonium methylsulfate, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium bistriflamide, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate, tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium tetrafluoroborate, tributyl(hexadecyl)phosphonium bromide, tetrabutylphosphonium bromide, tetrabutylphosphonium chloride, tetraoctylphosphonium bromide, tetradecyl(tributyl)phosphonium chloride, ethyltri(butyl)phosphonium diethylphosphate, tetradecyl(tributyl)phosphonium dodecylsulfonate or tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium dodecylsulfonate.

In a further embodiment, the phosphonium ion salt is selected from

In an embodiment of the disclosure, and as a result of the phosphonium ion salt being absorbed into the structure of the polystyrene or polystyrene derivative, the ionic nature of the phosphonium ion salt results in polystyrene polymers or polystyrene derivatives which are able to conduct electricity much better than normal polystyrene. Accordingly, also included within the scope of the disclosure, are polystyrene polymers (or derivatives) embedded with phosphonium ion salts, in which the phosphonium ion salts are as defined above. In an embodiment, when the phosphonium ion salts are incorporated into the polystyrene and polystyrene derivatives, novel polystyrene and polystyrene derivative composites are produced.

In another embodiment, and without being bound by theory, it is believed that the polymer composites of the present disclosure possess a structure, for example, as shown in FIG. 30.

In another embodiment, the polymer compound comprising a polystyrene or a polystyrene derivative the phosphonium ion salt, further comprises a metal dopant. In another embodiment, the selection of the metal dopant is any metal which influences the strength, conductivity or magnetic properties of the polymer composites. In another embodiment, the metal dopant is a magnetic metal, such as copper or iron. In another embodiment, the metal dopant comprises gold nanoparticles. In an embodiment, the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquids of the present disclosure do not bond or interfere with the metal dopants, for example, as shown in the following schematic of a gold/polymer composite.

In another embodiment, the polymer composites, are useful as sensors, actuators, catalysts and scintillators.

In another embodiment, the polymer composites of the present disclosure are useful for making high pressure nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) sample holders as well as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) instruments, as well as electronic circuits and magnetic screens.

In another embodiment, the polymer composites of the present disclosure are useful for producing electronic circuits due to the conductive paths of phosphonium ion salt in the polymer composite.

In another embodiment, the polymer composites of the present disclosure are useful for producing polystyrene-based composites having metallic properties, such as magnetic properties.

In another embodiment of the disclosure, dopants are added to the polymerization reaction, which therefore alters the physical and chemical characteristics of the resulting polystyrene polymer. For example, metal dopants, for example gold nanoparticles, are added to the polymerization reaction. In an embodiment of the disclosure, the addition of metal dopants results in polystyrene polymers that are magnetic and/or conduct electricity. In another embodiment, the dopant is a photosensitizer, which alters the optical properties of the polystyrene polymer, for example, changing the color of the polymer.

The following non-limiting examples are illustrative of the present invention:

EXAMPLES

Materials.

Pure IL 101® (trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium chloride) (with less than 5% water) was bought from Cytec Company. 90% H₂O₂ in water was bought from Sigma Aldrich. Solvent grade methanol was used for washing polymers. Styrene was purified by passing it through a silica column or by extracting with sodium hydroxide. All ¹H and ¹³C NMR chemical shifts are reported in ppm relative to tetramethylsilane. Pulse widths were 30° for ¹³C, 45° for ¹H spectra and 35° for ³¹P spectra. Relaxation delays were 0.3 s for ¹³C and 2 s for ¹H spectra. Typically, 3000-6150 scans were accumulated for ¹³C spectra, and 32-128 scans for ¹H and ³¹P spectra. The spectra were obtained with a 5-mm dual-tune high-resolution probe, with 25-Hz spinning about the z-axis.

Example 1 Preparation of Polystyrene (Polymer A1) in IL-101

Polymerizations were performed in a 10 mL Erlenmeyer. The Erlenmeyer was first charged with 1.7137 g IL-101, and then 2.00 mL styrene via pipette. The Erlenmeyer was then put into a 109° C. oil bath for 10 minutes to equilibrate which formed a homogeneous solution. 50 μL H₂O₂ was then added. This led to a cloudy solution after 10 minutes. A significant amount of polymer formed on bottom after 1 hour. After 105 minutes, two separate layers formed, yellowish at top, white at bottom. The reaction was stopped after 200 minutes. The yield of this polystyrene polymer (Polymer A1) was 40%. The polymer is a white solid, which was dissolved in deuterated chloroform for NMR analysis, a spectrum for which is shown in FIG. 1. A residual amount of styrene monomer remained within the polymer. The spectrum is suggestive of atactic polystyrene.¹³ FIG. 2 shows the ³¹P NMR spectrum for Polymer A1, with shows that no ionic liquid was incorporated within the polymer, while FIG. 3 is a ¹²C NMR spectrum of Polymer A1.

Example 2 Preparation of Polystyrene (Polymer A2) in IL 101

Polymerizations were performed in a in a 10 mL Erlenmeyer. The Erlenmeyer was first charged with 1.7771 g of IL 101, and then 2.00 mL styrene via pipette. The Erlenmeyer was then put into a 64° C. oil bath for 10 minutes to equilibrate which formed a homogeneous solution. Then 50 μL of H₂O₂ was added. This lead to a cloudy solution after 240 minutes. The heat was increased to 104° C. while stirring for 20 minutes, and the decanted liquid was saved and used in Example 3. The NMR spectra of the Polymer A2 (a white solid) in CDCl₃ are presented in FIGS. 4-6 (H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR and ³¹P-NMR). A residual amount of styrene monomer remained within the polymer. The spectrum is atactic polystyrene with phosphonium cations and chloride anions in between aromatic rings. The yield for polymer A2 was 60%.

Discussion

While proton NMR and carbon NMR show existence of a polystyrene polymer, there are other features that are due to the presence of phosphonium cation, and the existence of the negative ion (chloride). Phosphorous NMR confirms presence of phosphorous, peak at 33.5 ppm. The chemical shift is very similar to the chemical shift of the phosphonium ionic liquid with one phosphorous peak. The ion incorporation is 1%.

Example 3 Preparation of Polystyrene (Polymer A2) from Decanted Liquid

The decanted liquid from Example 2 was heated to 115° C. with a stir rod, after which all of the water boiled off after 30 minutes. This left a hard white polymer, as well as a monomer saturated ionic liquid layer solution. After removing the hard polymer (A3), and washing two times with methanol, the A3 was obtained in 15% yield. According, the total yield of Examples 2 and 3 is 75%.

As seen in FIG. 7, ³¹P-NMR confirms presence of phosphorous, with a peak at 33.5 ppm. A proton NMR spectrum of polymer A3 is shown in FIG. 8. The structure of the polymer is the same as A2, but with 5% ionic incorporation.

Example 4 Preparation of Polystyrene Polymers D1 and D2

The preparation of polystyrene D1 and D2 was performed as a batch type experiment, with additional styrene added every hour. Accordingly, two beakers were labelled D1 and D2 and 4.4988 g and 4.4066 g of IL-101, respectively was placed in each beaker. Styrene was then added to the beakers D1 and D2 in the amounts of 0.8921 g and 0.8958 g to D1 and D2 respectively. After allowing the samples to equilibrate in a hot water bath for 10 minutes at 75° C., 100 μL of H₂O₂ was added to each. The following amounts of styrene were then added to each beaker after the indicated times:

-   -   1) after one hour, 1.0999 g styrene was added to D1, and 0.8920         g styrene to D2. Another 100 μL of H₂O₂ was added only to D1.     -   2) after another hour, 0.9090 g styrene was added to D1, and         1.0868 g styrene to D2. Another 100 μL of H₂O₂ was added only to         D1.     -   3) after a final hour, 10.9031 g styrene was added to D1, and         0.9042 g styrene to D2. Another 100 μL of H₂O₂ was added only to         D1.

The solutions were mixed thoroughly after each addition, but not stirred continuously. Large amounts of polymer formed on the bottom of the beakers after a couple of hours. Beaker D1 then underwent heating at 80° C. in and oven. The resulting D1 polymer was nearly clear crystalline, opaque, extremely hard, and brittle. In the case of D1, the yield was 30%. In the case of D2, after washing with methanol and suction filtration, the yield was 50% (dry powder). The NMR spectra of the polymer D1 in CDCl₃ are shown in FIGS. 9-11 (H-NMR and ³¹P-NMR). The ion inclusion (from the ionic liquid) is 15% in the polymer D1. FIG. 15 shows the SEM image of Polymer D1, in which there are pathways of lines that cover the sample, which are placements of high concentration of ions within the polymer. In an embodiment, the channels of high ion concentration is exploited to produce conductive channels within a plastic for the production of electronic devices within plastics.

The following table gives the rough percentage of atoms within the polymer D1 for both dark and light areas, based on X-ray fluorescence.

E1(First session) Location C O P Cl Total Dark area 95.95 2.4 1 0.65 100 Light area 95.34 2.29 1.3 1.07 100

It is clear that the lighter area has more ionic content. The lowest limit of the ionic content of the polymer in the light area is 15 percent (see FIGS. 13 and 14 for X-ray fluorescence on dark and light parts of the SEM image).

FIG. 15 shows the ¹H NMR of the polymer D2, while FIG. 16 shows the ¹³C-NMR, and FIG. 17 shows the ³¹P-NMR. It is clear from these FIGS. 15-17 that there are three environments for phosphorous, one comparable to a free cation while the other two are down field, which means they are at lower electron density environments, as these two environments are much less populated.

Example 5 Preparation of Polystyrene (Polymer E3) from Decanted Liquid

The decanted liquid from Example 4 (a homogenous, white, opaque liquid) was heated to 80° C. and the white homogenous solution rapidly segregated into a separate ionic liquid layer and clear polymer layer (which was on top). After 10 minutes, as the temperature approached 100° C., bubbles formed as water evaporated. The polymer began to harden and become a malleable conglomerate that stuck to the side of the glassware after stirring took place (which was necessary to facilitate the evolution of all of the water). After 10 minutes, as the temperature approached 120° C., the bubbles continued to evolve at a fast rate. After 1 hour at this temperature, the polymer sample was removed from the vial, washed with methanol and suction filtrated with additional washings of methanol. Isolated yield was 0.7659 g of hard polymer. The NMR spectra of the polymer in CDCl₃ are presented in FIGS. 18-20 (¹H-NMR ¹³C-NMR and ³¹P-NMR).

Example 6 Preparation of Polystyrene (Polymers C1 and C2) in IL-104

1.9047 g of IL-104® (trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis-2,4,4-(trimethylpentyl)phosphinate) and 2.2390 g styrene were combined in a 20 mL beaker. The mixture was put into an oil bath at 123° C. 0.12 g H₂O₂ was then added. After 5 minutes, the mixture became more opaque which suggests large molecular weight polymers had formed. This sample was then divided into two halves, C1 and C2.

For the polymer C1, 1.2121 g of water was added to the mixture. The mixture was then placed into an oil bath at 120° C. with stirring for 25 minutes, resulting in a now hard, with a mass of 0.922 g.

For the polymer C2, the sample was washed with MeOH. After 16 minutes at 120° C. with stirring, polymer C2 was had been washed of MeOH, resulting in a hard particles of polymer with a mass of 0.6834 g. The total yield of C1 and C2 is about 40%.

Example 7 Preparation of Polystyrene (Polymer C3) in IL-105®

1.7726 g of IL-105 (trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium dicyanamide and 2.3552 g styrene were combined in a 20 mL beaker. The mixture was placed into an oil bath at 123° C., at which point 0.12 g of H₂O₂ was added. After 120 minutes, the polymer formed at the bottom. The sample was washed with methanol, resulting in polymer C3, which had a golden colour. The liquid on top of the polymer was decanted and allowed to settle, resulting in a white styrene polymer.

Example 8 Preparation of Polystyrene (Polymer C2) in IL-104 Using Microwave Energy

1.9047 g of IL-104® (trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium bis-2,4,4-(trimethylpentyl)phosphinate) and 2.2390 g styrene were combined in a 20 mL beaker. 0.12 g H₂O₂ was then added and the mixture exposed to microwave radiation, which resulted in the polymer C2 after 60 minutes. The NMR spectra of the polymer is shown in FIGS. 21-23.

Discussion

The NMR spectrums (FIG. 21-23) of polymer C2 suggests atactic polystyrene with phosphonium cations as well as anions in between aromatic ring.

Example 9 Preparation of Magnetic Polystyrene (Polymer M1)

2 mL of IL-101 and 2.2390 of g styrene were combined in a 20 mL beaker. 0.5 mL of H₂O₂ was then added, along with 0.4764 g of copper chloride (CuCl₂). The solution was then exposed to microwave radiation for 60 minutes, which resulted in a soft polymer possessing magnetic properties.

FIGS. 24-26 show the NMR spectra (proton, carbon, and phosphorous NMR respectively) of this polymer (Polymer M1).

Example 10 Preparation of Gold-Polystyrene Composite (Polymer G1)

5 mg HAuCl₄.3H₂O was combined with 95 mL deionized H₂O and heated to 100° C. Once the solution reached 100° C., 5 mL of sodium citrate was added and heated at this temperature for 30 minutes.

In a separate beaker, 2.03 mL of IL-101, 2 mL of styrene, 2 mL of the gold nanoparticles from the water solution (˜50 nm) and 0.5 mL of H₂O were mixed together. The mixture was heated in a microwave at 90° C. for one hour.

FIG. 27 shows a ¹H NMR spectrum of the gold-composite polymer G1, while FIG. 28 shows a ³¹P-NMR spectrum.

Example 11 Preparation of Polystyrene (Polymer A4)

A 10 mL Erlenmeyer flask was first charged with 1.7771 g of IL-101, to which 2.00 mL styrene and 50 μL ml H₂O₂ (via pipette) was added. The Erlenmeyer was heated in an oil bath to 124° C. over night. The total mixture turned into a solid polymer. Accordingly, the yield was 100%.

Discussion

The ³¹P-NMR spectrum of the polymer (A4) is shown in FIG. 29, in which there is only one chemical environment for the phosphorous atom.

FULL CITATIONS FOR DOCUMENTS REFERRED TO IN THE SPECIFICATION

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The invention claimed is:
 1. A polymer composite comprising a polystyrene or a polystyrene derivative comprising styrene or styrene derivative monomer units in which at least about 1% (mole fraction) of a phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid is incorporated into the structure of the polystyrene or polystyrene derivative.
 2. The polymer composite according to claim 1, wherein the styrene or styrene derivative monomer unit is a compound of the formula (I)

wherein each R is simultaneously or independently H, halo or C₁₋₄alkyl, the latter group being optionally substituted by halo, C₁₋₂alkyl or fluoro-substituted C₁₋₂alkyl.
 3. The polymer composite according to claim 1, wherein the phosphonium ion salt has the structure:

wherein each R¹ is independently or simultaneously C₁₋₂₀alkyl and X is any suitable anionic ligand.
 4. The polymer composite according to claim 3, wherein the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid is selected from


5. The polymer composite according to claim 1, wherein the polymer further comprises a metal dopant.
 6. The polymer composite according to claim 5, wherein the metal dopant is magnetic.
 7. The polymer composite according to claim 6, wherein the magnetic metal dopant comprises copper or gold.
 8. A process for the production of polystyrene or a polystyrene derivative, comprising polymerizing styrene or styrene derivative monomer units in a phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid in the presence of a free radical initiator at a pressure of about 0.8 to about 1.2 atmospheres, under conditions for the polymerization of the styrene or styrene derivative monomer units, in which at least about 1% (mole fraction) of the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid is incorporated into the structure of the polystyrene or polystyrene derivative.
 9. The process according to claim 8, wherein the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid has the structure:

wherein each R′ is independently or simultaneously C₁₋₂₀alkyl and X is any suitable anionic ligand.
 10. The process according to claim 9, wherein the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid is selected from


11. The process according to claim 8, wherein the styrene or styrene derivative monomer unit is a compound of the formula (I):

wherein each R is simultaneously or independently H, halo or C₁₋₄alkyl, the latter group being optionally substituted by halo, C₁₋₂alkyl or fluoro-substituted C₁₋₂alkyl.
 12. The process according to claim 8, wherein the free radical initiator is selected from benzoyl peroxide, hydrogen peroxide and azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN).
 13. The process according to claim 8, wherein the polymerization is performed at about atmospheric pressure.
 14. The process according to claim 8, wherein the conditions for the polymerization of the styrene or styrene derivative monomer units comprise a mole fraction ratio of the styrene or styrene derivative monomer units to the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid of about 0.10:1.0 to about 2.0:1.0 (styrene or styrene derivative monomer units:ionic liquid).
 15. The process according to claim 8, wherein the conditions for the polymerization of the styrene or styrene derivative monomer units comprise microwave energy.
 16. The process according to claim 8, wherein the conditions for the polymerization of the styrene or styrene derivative monomer units comprise ultraviolet light.
 17. The process according to claim 8, wherein the process results in no waste products.
 18. The process according to claim 8, wherein the process proceeds with 100% yield.
 19. The process according to claim 8, wherein the polystyrene or a polystyrene derivative precipitates from the phosphonium ion salt ionic liquid leaving unreacted styrene or styrene derivative monomer units and ionic liquid, wherein the unreacted styrene or styrene derivative monomer units and ionic liquid are further reacted using the process of claim
 8. 20. The process according to claim 19, wherein the yield of the polystyrene or polystyrene derivative is at least 90%. 